Antiplatelet Therapy and Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting: Analysis of Current Evidence With a Focus on Acute Coronary Syndrome

This review was undertaken to summarize and discuss the current evidence around antiplatelet therapy and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Aspirin (ASA) monotherapy remains the standard of care among patients before and after CABG. The role of more intense antiplatelet therapy—specifically, P2Y12 inhibitors—in improving clinical outcomes and graft patency is becoming increasingly apparent. As such, we provide an overview of a variety of antiplatelet regimens. The review discusses the evidence around preoperative management of antiplatelet therapies, with a particular focus on timing of cessation. It also evaluates the current literature to elucidate the best antiplatelet therapy regimen after CABG, focusing on acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Whenever possible, data are presented from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and meta-analyses. Although guidelines recommend use of dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) after CABG for patients with ACS, available evidence is limited to small RCTs, and meta-analyses are of substudies of larger RCTs. There is also considerable heterogeneity in patient population of these studies; a significant number of patients underwent off-pump CABG (OPCAB) in trials that demonstrate graft-patency benefit with DAPT. With this limited evidence, DAPT remains underused in the CABG population, even among patients presenting after ACS.     

双节段人工腰椎间盘置换术的疗效与探讨

[目的]观察采用以双段SB Charite Ⅲ人工椎间盘置换术治疗退变性腰椎间盘疾病的l临床结果并探讨其可行性。[方法]自2000年10月至2006年8月，对22例L4-S1退变的病例采用双节段人工腰椎间盘置换术，男16例，女6例；年龄43～54岁，平均48岁；均获得随访，随访时间10—61个月（平均37．4个月），分别于手术前后对患者的情况进行JOA评分和影像学对比。[结果]术后病例JOA评分较术前显著提高（P〈0．05）。按FRANKLE标准，JOA评分改善率1年后优12例，良7例，可3例；3年后共获得随访18例，其中优10例，良5例，可3例。术后X线片显示人工椎间盘位置正确，椎间隙高度恢复正常，椎间活动度得到维持。15例患者返回原工作，2例变换工作，1例退休。所有病例无假体功能并发症发生，无假体松动、半脱位、下沉。[结论]在严格适应证的前提下，双节段人工椎间盘置换术是可以获得满意临床疗效的，可在有条件的医院积极开展。     

Extracellular signal regulated kinases 1/2 signal pathway and responses of astrocytes after diffuse brain injury

BACKGROUND: The treatment of diffuse brain injury during an acute period is focused on relieving degrees of secondary brain injury. Generation and development of pathological changes of secondary brain injury depend on signal conduction, so down-regulating over response of astrocyte through interfering a key link of signal conduction pathway may bring a new thinking for the treatment of diffuse brain injury. OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of over activity of extracellular signal regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) signal pathway on the response of astrocyte during an acute period of diffuse brain injury. DESIGN: Completely randomized grouping and controlled animal study. SETTINGS: Department of Neurosurgery, the Third Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University; Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital Affiliated to Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology. MATERIALS: A total of 158 healthy male SD rats, of 11 weeks old, weighing 320–370 g, were provided by Experimental Animal Faulty, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology. Rabbit-anti-phosphorylated ERK1/2 (pERK1/2) polyclonal antibody was provided by R&D Company; rabbit-anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) polyclonal antibody, SP immunohistochemical kit and horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-labeled goat-anti-rabbit IgG by Santa Cruz Company; specific inhibitor U0126 of ERK1/2 signal pathway by Alexis Company. METHODS: The experiment was carried out in the Laboratory of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital Affiliated to Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology from September 2004 to March 2006. ① Detection of pERK1/2 expression: A total of 110 rats were randomly divided into sham operation group (n =5), model group (n =35), high-dosage U0126 group (n =35) and low-dosage U0126 group (n =35). Rats in the sham operation group were only treated with incision of epicranium and fixation of backup plate, but not hit. Rats in the model group were used to establish diffuse brain injury models based on Marmarou free falling body without drug intervention. Rats in the high- and low-dosage U0126 groups were injected into caudal vein with 0.1 and 0.05 mg/kg U0126, respectively, and then, rats were hit to establish injured models. Every 5 rats were collected from model, high- and low-dosage U0126 groups at 5, 30 minutes, 3, 12, 24, 72 hours and 7 days after diffuse brain injury to detect pERK1/2 expression in cortex of parietal lobe based on Western blot technique. ② Distribution of pERK1/2 and positive GFAP cells in brain tissue: Another 48 rats were randomly divided into sham operation group (n =3), model group (n =15), high-dosage U0126 group (n =15) and low-dosage U0126 group (n =15). The intervention and administration were dealt as the same as those mentioned above. Every 3 rats were collected from model, high- and low-dosage U0126 groups at 30 minutes, 3, 12, 24 and 72 hours after model establishment to observe the distribution of pERK1/2 and postive GFAP cells in brain tissue which was cut from coronal section at Bregma –4.8 mm layer with immunohistochemical staining. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: pERK1/2 expression in cortex of parietal lobe and distribution of pERK1/2 and positive GFAP cells in brain tissues. RESULTS: ① pERK1/2 expression: After diffuse brain injury, pERK1/2 expression in cortex of parietal lobe was rapidly increased in the model group, reached at peak at 5 minutes and then decreased gradually. But the expression was still in a high level until the 72nd hour and fallen to the basic level on the 7th day. pERK1/2 level was lower in high- and low-dosage U0126 groups than that in model group at various time points (P < 0.01); meanwhile, pERK1/2 level was lower in high-dosage U0126 group than that in low-dosage U0126 group. The results showed that there was a certain dosage dependence on pERK1/2 expression. ② Distribution of pERK1/2 and positive GFAP cells in brain tissue: Positive expression of pERK1/2 lasted in brain tissue from 30 minutes to 72 hours after diffuse brain injury (P < 0.05). In addition, from 30 minutes to 3 hours, brown-yellow stained cells were mainly distributed in plasma, but rarely in nucleus. A lot of positive cells had tree-like apophysis, which was similar to neurons. With the time passing by, more and more nuclei manifested positive stains; moreover, nuclei mainly manifested positive staining until 24 hours after diffuse brain injury. Immune-positive pERK1/2 cells were widely distributed in brain tissue, especially mainly in binding site between deep cortex and cerebral white matter, and then in hippocampus. In addition, ependymal cell and vascular endothelial cells of choroids plexus also manifested strongly positive staining. As compared with model group, positive cells were decreased gradually in high- and low-dosage U0126 groups. However, number of positive cells was less in high-dosage U0126 group than that in low-dosage U0126 group. CONCLUSION: Diffuse brain injury strongly induces the activity of ERK1/2 signal pathway and response of astrocyte; in addition, U0126 can inhibit response of glial cells during an acute period, and the effect manifests dosage dependence.     

Safety and efficacy of oral nemonoxacin versus levofloxacin in treatment of community-acquired pneumonia: A phase 3, multicenter,randomized, double-blind,double-dummy,active-controlled,non-inferiority trial

Background/Purpose

Nemonoxacin is a novel nonfluorinated quinolone with excellent in vitro activity against most pathogens in community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), especially Gram-positive isolates. The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy and safety of nemonoxacin compared with levofloxacin in patients with CAP.

互联网+“五全六能”社区楼/院式养老模式试点运行效果初探

目的对互联网+“五全六能”社区楼/院式养老模式实地运行效果进行评价。方法2019年6月—2019年12月在南昌市两个社区开展该模式试点运行,采用自制问卷收集运行期间养老对象与管理人员等信息反馈进行统计分析与讨论。结果两社区试点实验养老对象在生物学特征上无明显差别;该模式的“六能”服务内容中“医疗保健”“生活照料”和“精神慰藉”是试点实验养老对象认为最重要;两社区各类试点实验对象满意度均达到80.00%以上,楼栋长为100.00%。结论互联网+“五全六能”社区楼/院式养老模式适用于城市老人养老,具有较高的推广价值。     

电压门控钙通道编码基因在孤独症谱系障碍中的研究进展

孤独症谱系障碍(ASD)是一类以社交障碍和兴趣狭窄为共同症状的广泛性神经发育障碍,发病机制主要与遗传因素有关,研究ASD易感基因是现今国内外医学领域的热点。电压门控钙离子通道(VGCC)对调控神经元动作电位的产生和神经递质的释放等至关重要。目前VGCC的10种亚型均被发现与ASD相关。本文主要综述了编码VGCC的10种基因与ASD研究工作的进展。     

腹部无辅助切口经阴道取标本的全机器人远端胃切除术(GC-NOSES Ⅳ式)

目的经自然腔道取标本手术(natural orifice specimen extraction surgery,NOSES)具有美观、腹壁损伤小、术后疼痛轻等优势,笔者旨在探究机器人(Da Vinci Xi)在胃癌NOSES中的手术技巧及应用要点。方法选取南昌大学第一附属医院普外科1例胃癌病例,简介使用Da Vinci Xi手术机器人系统进行腹部无辅助切口经阴道取标本的远端胃切除术的手术步骤。结果手术顺利完成,术中及术后无并发症。结论经腹部无辅助切口经阴道取标本的远端胃切除术是安全、可行的,机器人的应用为手术的进行创造了极大的便利。     

体外循环降温期不同氧分压对二尖瓣膜置换患者术后的影响

目的评价体外循环降温期不同的氧分压对二尖瓣置换患者术后的影响。方法75例二尖瓣置换术患者，按体外循环降温末期动脉血氧分压数，分成低氧组、常氧组和高氧组，记录体外循环结束后第1、8、16小时多巴胺用量。术后麻醉清醒时间和呼吸机辅助时间，同时记录患者的年龄、体重、体外循环时间、升主动脉阻断时间和左室射血分数。结果体外循环术后第1小时内，常氧组多巴胺用量明显小于低氧组和高氧组（P〈O．05），术后第8小时，常氧组多巴胺用量明显小于低氧组（P〈O．05）。术后麻醉清醒时间和呼吸机辅助时问各组问无显著性差异。结论二尖瓣置换术体外循环降温期，常氧分压氧合有利于术后早期患者心功能恢复。     

关节镜治疗半月板囊肿

目的介绍半月板囊肿的发病情况、临床表现、诊断及关节镜治疗方法。方法6例患者均使用关节镜进行探查和治疗，囊肿行刨吸，半月板酌情行全切、次全切或半月板修复术。结果6例患者随访3～14个月，均无膝关节不适主诉。结论半月板囊肿是一种少见的膝关节疾息，MRI检查是诊断的主要依据，关节镜治疗是较好的治疗方法。     

脐血间充质干细胞静脉移植治疗新生大鼠缺氧缺血性脑损伤的时效性研究

目的探讨脐血间充质干细胞(MSCs)静脉移植治疗新生鼠缺氧缺血性脑损伤(HIBD)的可行性及其时效性。方法脐血MSCs移植使用前以4′,6-二脒基-2-苯吲哚盐酸(DAPI)体外标记。实验选用7日龄SD大鼠38只制备HIBD模型,死亡3只,余35只共分3组:空白对照组(n=11);移植1组(n=12),在HIBD后第2天经鼠尾静脉注入脐血MSCs;移植2组(n=12),在HIBD后1周开始移植。两组均于移植后第2天以及HIBD后2周分别随机将鼠处死、取脑,用于脑组织病理形态学观察,并取海马回区相同部位的缺血脑组织切片,荧光显微镜下观察DAPI阳性细胞数。结果移植2组,1周后缺血脑组织细胞外间隙缩小,细胞数明显增加,脑组织水肿已明显减轻,在大鼠病灶侧脑内,可见大量的DAPI阳性细胞向病灶区及周围迁移和扩散,没有明显的界限。而移植1组于移植后病灶侧脑内很少见到DAPI阳性脐血MSCs分布,其脑组织水肿程度及细胞外间隙的改善和细胞数目的增加也不明显。结论脐血MSCs移植治疗新生大鼠HIBD,能有效透过血脑屏障,在病灶脑组织周围迁移、扩散、整合;移植时间选择HIBD后1周时有良好疗效。移植治疗过程中未见植入反应和其他不良反应。